Applicability of pre-treatments and disinfection techniques to different situations

Refer to Table 46 for information on the applicability of pre-treatment techniques to different situations, and Table 47 for details on the applicability of disinfection techniques to different situations.

Table 46. Applicability of pre-treatment techniques to different situations (NHMRC and NRMMC, 2011)

Water quality consideration	Filters	Activated carbon	Ion exchange	Chemical treatment	Membrane treatments	Electrochemical technique	Aerator	Electronic water conditioning
Effectiveness with respect to
Sediment	*	L	L	L	H	L	M	L
Dissolved organic matter	L	M	L–M	L	H	L–M	L–M	L
Microbes	L	L	L	L–M	H	L	L	L
Blue-green algae	M	M	L	L–M	H	L	L–M	L
Pesticides	L	M–H	L–M	L–M	H	L	L	L
Alkalinity	No	No	H	L–M	H	M	L–M	N/A
Practicality
Reliability	M	M	M	M	H	M	H	H
Complexity	L	M	M–H	M–H	H	H	L–M	L
Maintenance and cleaning	L	M	M–H	L–M	H	H	L–M	L–M
Costs
Operation capital	L	M–H	M–H	L	H	H	M–H	L
Running costs	L	M	M	M	H	H	L–M	L
Maintenance cost	L	M	M	M	H	H	L–M	L
Adverse effects
Energy consumption	L	L–M	M–H	L–M	H	H	M	M
L = Low, M = Moderate, H = High, * = Depends on the type of sediment

Table 47. Applicability of disinfection techniques to different situations (Lenntech, 2020; NHMRC & NRMMC, 2011; WHO, 2017, 2018)

Water quality consideration	Chlorine	Chloramines	Chlorine dioxide	Bromination	Ozone	UV	Iodine	Peracetic acid	Hydrogen peroxide	Potassium permanganate
Effectiveness against
Bacteria	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good
Virus	Moderate	Poor	Good	Moderate	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good
Protozoa	Poor	Poor	Moderate	Good	Good	Good	Poor	Moderate	Moderate	Poor
Physical properties
Persistent residual	Moderate	Long	Moderate	Long	None	None	Moderate	Moderate	Short	Moderate
Contact time	Moderate	Long	Moderate	Long	Short	Short	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
pH dependent	Yes	Yes	Slightly	Yes	Slightly	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	n.d.*
Oxidise iron, manganese, and sulphides	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Not determined	Yes	Yes
Practicality
Process control	Well developed	Well developed	Developed	Developed	Developed	Well developed	n.d.*	n.d.*	n.d.*	n.d.*
Complexity	Simple to moderate	Simple to moderate	Moderate	Simple to moderate	Complex	Simple to moderate	Simple to moderate	Simple to moderate	Simple to moderate	Simple to moderate
Maintenance and cleaning	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	High	Low	Low	Low	Low
Costs
Operation capital	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	High	Moderate	High	High	High	High
Running costs	Low	Low to moderate	Low	Low to moderate	High	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Maintenance cost	Low	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Moderate	High	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
Adverse effects
Safety concerns	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Minimal	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Energy consumption	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	High	High	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate	Low to moderate
*n.d.: no data

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Table 46. Applicability of pre-treatment techniques to different situations (NHMRC and NRMMC, 2011)

Table 47. Applicability of disinfection techniques to different situations (Lenntech, 2020; NHMRC & NRMMC, 2011; WHO, 2017, 2018)

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